Symptoms And Symptoms Of A Long Day - 1558 Words

After a long day, you look forward to reaching the section of your home where a luscious bed covered with a comforter and pillows is calling your name. Finally, there it is the location in which you will be lying in for the hours to come. As you lay there, you slowly begin to relax your muscles until your breathing pattern alters. Eyes closed, chest motioning up and down in a consistent rhythm, you peacefully fall asleep in a matter of minutes until your mind wanders in your sleep and begins to form images, piecing together aspects of everyday life to form its own story line. A change in mood occurs as your surroundings become darker and ominous, usually accompanied by a threatening figure full of danger and discomfort. Something†¦show more content†¦When the body is unable to make any movement during this time, it can be frightening for the person experiencing the abnormality of the sleep phenomenon. While sleeping, people undergo stages of sleep that differentiate during e ach phase. They are divided into 4 to 5 stages and are as follows: Stage one is the lightest level, is known as a transitional state, and is characterized as physically nodding away, being able to hear surroundings, and can easily reorient to what was going around prior to the urge of falling asleep. The time span that a person usually remains in this cycle ranges from five to ten minutes; Stage two consists of slower breaths, a less tense body, and modification of body temperature. This phase takes place after the ten minutes, but within 25 minutes after sleep has occurred. In the third stage, an individual is in a deep sleep, experiences slow brain wave activity with short, spontaneous bursts of increased activity. If the individual is abruptly awakened at this time, they will be disoriented and unfamiliar with their surroundings. The fourth stage is the deepest level of sleep, no separate burst of brain activity, night terrors and bed wetting occurs, and this is when repair and r ejuvenation takes place. In the fifth stage, active sleep also known as REM is where dreaming occurs. It experiences the most brain activity, the body is temporarily

Identity, Hegemony, And Played Through The Dynamics Of...

McIntosh (2009) offers an intriguing case study, where the concepts of personhood, hegemony, and fractal recursivity are intertwined and played through the dynamics of Swahili-Giriama bordered ethnoreligious interactions. The Giriama geographical, social, religious, and linguistic subordination to the Swahili Muslims is the framework to negotiate, resist or submit to the hegemonic Swahili Islam. First, through personhood, the Giriama frame their religious actions and relations with the Swahilis. Their actions are collective and caused by external powers, rather than individualistically bounded and rational actors as the Swahilis. How Arabic in this case is perceived amplify this notion, as Swahilis take it to be accessible via learning and memorizing, and Giriama take it to be accessible through spirit possession by Muslim spirits. This reinforces their submission and lose of identity by adopting Arabic (p. 255). Second, hegemony plays a significant role in shaping how power is lived and replicated in daily life, to be accepted or rejected by the society. Therefore, Giriama attitude towards Swahili Muslims is exhibited in their refusal to submit to Islam and instead cherish their traditionalism, yet they oftentimes acknowledge Islam’s power and the potency of Arabic through divination and spirit possession. Third, fractal recursivity is shown through how the Giriama’s evident urbanity is opposed to them living on the margins of the city thus closer to the jungle and their

Exploring The Cost Of Hydraulic Fracturing Essay - 1750 Words

Exploring the Cost of Hydraulic Fracturing in Colorado: What are the potential effects of the Tres Rio 2016 Oil and Gas Lease/Sale on Montezuma County s public health, ecological communities, and economic stability? Introduction Hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, is a technique often administered by oil and gas companies in order to create fissures within subsurface shale formations. After a site is established, the initial step entails breaking through the soil and stone via a bit placed at the end of a drill. As the drill moves through the rock layers, it utilizes air pressure to drive fragmented rocks to the surface.The drill ceases immediately after it comes into contact with the first indication of fresh water. Once the drill is removed, cement is incorporated into the drilled hole in an effort to prevent contamination of the water source and as a safety measure. Secondary steps require a perforated gun producing high-magnitude electrical currents to be introduced down the wellbore (oil field terminology pertaining to a hole generated from oil/gas exploration), helping drive holes into the cement and ultimately enabling a channel for gas flow. The gun is then removed. Under high pressure, the drill pumps a solution of water, sand, and chemicals into the established site, allowing the gas (methane) to be released and stored. Finally, a pipeline constructed from the storage space to the consumer market supplies the gas as an energy source. Radioactive waste water alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hydraulic Fracturing On The Environment1622 Words   |  7 Pages Hydraulic Fracturing is a process which uses water to crack rock formations as a means to extract natural gas or oil. This method is highly debatable as to whether it uses too much water in areas that have fragile water sources as well as whether the process contaminates surrounding water sources. The State of Texas is a hotspot for hydraulic fracturing because of the amount of shale formations which can produce oil and natural gas. Texas is a dry state which often experiences severe droughts. ThereRead MoreHydraulic Fracturing : A Common And Widespread Technique1637 Words   |  7 PagesHydraulic fracturing has become a very common and widespread technique, especially in North America, due to technological advances that have allowed extracting natural gas from so-called unconventional reservoirs (tight sands, coal beds and shale formations). The socalled high volume hydraulic fracturing (with treatments typically an order of magnitude larger than the conventional fracturing procedures) began in 1968. This was complemented by horizontal drilling since the late 1980s, and the useRead MoreBenefits Of Hydraulic Fracturing Outweigh Risks2041 Words   |  9 PagesBenefits of Hydraulic Fracturing Outweigh Risks Hydraulic fracturing, or more commonly known as ‘fracking’ is a technique designed by engineers to open fissures deep within shale to extract oil and natural gas. The practice involves using large amounts of high-pressured water along with proppants, usually sand, and a small amount of a chemical solution. The diagram below pictures the process of hydraulic fracturing. In the last few years, hydraulic fracturing has become a popular topic of debateRead MoreHydrofracking - Social Context of Business2663 Words   |  11 PagesEvaluation of Talisman Energy’s Hydraulic Fracturing Practises in Hudson Hope ABSTRACT To meet the demand of oil in today’s oil dependent society, Talisman Energy is looking to exploit a mine located in Hudson Hope, British Colombia. 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Shanon (2011) said â€Å"Thousands of gallons gelatinous materials are pumped under extremely high pressure followed by jet turbines for the fracturing of rock formations.† Source: www.google.com/image/fracking source: http://www.fraw.org.uk/ideas/fracking/index.html The first natural gas well drilled in the US by Devonian Shale in 1821.Than at 1860s, stimulator like Liquid solidified NitroRead MoreFracking: Natural Gas1936 Words   |  8 Pagesgelatinous material and ball bearing which accepting the pressurise fluids to escape of again – along with the gas. Shanon (2011) said â€Å"Thousands of gallons gelatinous materials are pumped under extremely high pressure followed by jet turbines for the fracturing of rock formations.† Source: www.google.com/image/fracking source: http://www.fraw.org.uk/ideas/fracking/index.html The first natural gas well drilled in the US by Devonian Shale in 1821.Than at 1860s, stimulator like LiquidRead MoreOil And Gas Site Conservation Essay3097 Words   |  13 Pagesas fracking. According to the Texas Railroad Commission, fracking began in Texas in the 1950s although the commission does not track the number of wells that were hydraulically fractured. Hydraulic Fracturing or Fracking is a process of pressuring a zone or portion of the drilled well to the point of fracturing or cracking the surrounding rock. The process requires millions of gallons of water which is mixed with numerous chemicals sometimes sand or other substances to prevent the cracks from closingRead MoreIndia s Production Of Shale Gas3074 Words   |  13 Pagescountries energy production self- sufficient and avoid their power plants to use fossil fuels and cause air pollution. However, renewable energy development still encounters challenges related to certain economic and environmental aspects like the high cost of technology used on its production, exploitation of vast portion of land, risk of toxic chemicals spills and soil erosion. As well the impact of construction of industrial plants, roads and transmission lines. 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Additionally, exploring for, developing, and extracting the energy resources demanded new technologies and exploration techniques. Oil Crude oil is a non-renewable resource extracted from the Earth and used in energy production (as well as other sectors.) Two types

The Big Reunion Music Festival

Question: Write an essay onThe Big Reunion Music Festival. Answer: Introduction: The live events offer an excellent opportunity of fostering the relationship with the customers and the suppliers. In the context of the similar circumference, Bhattacharjee et al. (2009) determined that the live events like music or the film festivals have the high chances of accomplishing success due to the involvement of the celebrities. The specific types can facilitate the organisers to network with the customers and the industry experts, which can easily lead a new brand to get entangled into a partnership venture. The particular venture can enact to be an opportunity for the new enterprise to increase its exposure in the target market (Wong and Wong, 2011). By which the firms would get the reaction of its target audience. Considering the assertion of the prior context, Bradley (2013) denoted that event management when compared to the traditional professions, the report reflects that the specific area had been growing rapidly. The rising graph of the specific sector represents hundreds of the professions that have chosen the specific sector as the profession, due to its predominant nature of creating experiences. Considering the reactions of the UK populations, several organisers are switching from the traditional events to the music shows and concerts. Therefore, the current study had chosen to evaluate the popularity of the Big Reunion Music Festival, UK and the initiatives the organisers have taken to conduct the occasion. Purpose of the Big Reunion Music Festival: According to Lawton (2011), the Big Reunion Music Festival is held over two back-to-back weekends on every November. The statistics reflect that every year approximately 12,000 audiences descend to the east coast of the UK to join the festival. The festivals had been designed to conduct the reunion for the party seekers who plan to take the summer holidays (Shuler, 2010). The primary purpose of conducting the Big Reunion Music Festival in London is to increase the visibility of the brand. The previous statistics forecast that the customers are highly influenced by the specific occasion, thus, on the face value the show had already created a standardised benchmark. Corciolani (2014) denoted that the younger generation prefers to visit the festivals due to the celebrity influence. The celebrity endorse had been the USP (Unique Selling Proposition) of the show. Moreover, the previous research showcases that the majority of the customers are the younger generation that basically attends the program on the verge of enjoying the live rock music. In a similar manner, the event continues for three consecutive days. Therefore, the fictions like jazz music and other events had been conducted by keeping in mind the business class that basically come for the reunion purpose. Hence, there had been two purposes for the Big Reunion Music Festival. The foremost purpose of the event is to increase the accessibility of the brand and the other is profit maximisation to the optimum limit. Theme of the Big Reunion Music Festival: Each year the Big Reunion Music Festival selects a new theme to widespread its reunion purpose and the music selected for the concerts. In the similar context, D. Andersson et al. (2013) determined that the theme for the music festival is highly necessitated to set its target audience. The theme itself is the concept that would help the brand to filter on the set of customers and based on which the entire marketing and the operational activities would be conducted. For the coming event, the Artistic co-director David Ying and the singer Joss Stone had selected the theme of Re-invention. The famous band Adam and the Ants had selected the theme for Gratification for the second day, and Pool-out theme had been chosen for the third night by the famous Storm DJ. In the framework of the present context, Kerr and May (2011) acknowledged that the Re-invention theme would influence the audience of all age group. The existing era is exclusively influenced by the transition phase of music and h as executed an affirmative gesture towards the concept. David Ying and Joss Stone had re-formulated its creative perception that highly gets aligned with the preferences of all the age groups. On the other hand, the Gratification and the Pool-out has been thought by targeting the younger generation exclusively. With the theme of Re-invention, the artists are looking forward to presenting a new version of music that had not been performed earlier in the industry. The idea of Re-invention would be represented in the full range of the 1st day of the event. The rest of the days would exclusively focus on the relishing activities where the audience would feel free to spend the individual time. Venue of the Big Reunion Music Festival: Step 1: Selecting the tenure of the events Initially, the dates and time for the music festival would be set. According to Gelder and Robinson (2009), it is essential to plan out the period in which the event would be organised. Since, the booking price of the stadium fluctuates with time. Therefore, the advance booking is required to conduct the show with the depicted time frame. Step 2: Selection of the set After deciding on the time and date, the indoor stadium would be selected. Since, the event is a worldwide popular show, thus, the show needs to be conducted in the renowned stadium for the verge of its face value. Step 3: Selecting the vendors The vendors that would be required for organising the event need to be planned out thoroughly (Vapaavuori, 2012). The musicians, caterers, logistics department, accommodations, transports, etc. needs to be appointed for accomplishing a steady success of the three days events. Step 4: Appointing the artists After the selection of the prior two processes, the proposal would be forwarded to the artists. The theme selection and the consideration of the musical version would be selected by the artists. Step 5: Accommodation for the artist Since, the program would be conducted for three consecutive days, therefore; the accommodation facilities need to be offered to the artists and its music teams. According to Stadler et al. (2013), while formulating the vendor management strategy, the supporting members of the project team would initiate the negotiation with the hotel managers. Step 6: Assigning the musicians In case the artists prefer not to bring its support musicians, in that situation, the PR subordinate would make an appointment with the external musician teams and provide correct details of the musical themes and the versions planned for the events. Step 7: Identifying the right set of audience After deciding on the theme, the brand would get to identify eh right set of audience that would be majorly interested in attending the event. For assurance, a pre- advanced booking system would be introduced, where the audiences are supposed to make the reservation with a minimal figure of the indoor space. Step 8: The marketing activities The advanced booking policy would facilitate the brand to identify clearly its prospective audience that would attend the event. Based on which the marketing team would acknowledge the perception of initiation the marketing activities that can increase the visibility of the festival. Step 9: Deciding the budget Based on the above factors the finance department would formulate the budget plan. Event Design Plan: Event design of the first day show: Show timing In the day 1, the Re-invention theme would be conducted where Joss Stone would be performing. Therefore, the show schedule would be from 7.00 PM to 10.00 PM. The musical team would be appointed for the specific day. The reporting time for the team would be 6.00 PM. The spacing layouts The spacing between each row would be designed in the constructive format to reduce the maximum back brushing of the audiences. The stamp-it had been the primary issue occurring in the live musical shows. Therefore, the row layout design would be initiated after receiving an approximate idea regarding the number of audiences attending the show. The stage decoration Strict security would be kept on both the entry and the exist side of the stage to avoid the chances of audiences getting up on the stage. Moreover, the harness stage setting had been kept for a unique entry style of the artist. Entry process of the audience The audience would require showing the promo code message received on the smartphone devices after the advanced booking. After accessing the promo code, the counter crew would pass on the hard copy. Event design of the second-day show: Show timing The theme of Gratification would be proceeded with the Adam and the Ants band. The show timing for the specific day would be from 6.30 PM to 9.30 PM. The stage decoration The base platform of the stage would be kept inclined, which would assist the singers and interact and connect easily with the audiences. Entry process of the audience The audiences had already received the hard copy on the prior tenure. However, a strict security check up would be placed to check on the personal carriers of the audiences, to ensure that none of the audience makes an entry with the outside food items. Event design of the third-day show: Platform decoration On the third day, the Pool-out theme would be conducted by the Storm DJ. The pool arrangement had been held for the audiences. Since, it is a DJ based performance, therefore, considering the concept of amusement the light and water dripping method had been kept according to the sound beats. Soundtrack selection The music would be remix and the fusion of the recent soundtracks would be played. Event timing The timing would be from 4.00 PM to 9.00 PM. Menu of the Big Reunion Music Festival: Offering food items and beverages would help the brand to attract the people towards the concert. The marketing team of the brand could allow a coupon system for purchasing food from the counter (Preston and Hoyle, 2012). The people who would come to attend the concert, could not carry any food item and a bottle of water. The people would need to purchase everything from the counter by paying money instantly to the counter. In this scenario Stevens (2009) stated that the coupon system of different price could be helpful for the people to buy food items from the concert venue. There would be three different food coupon item starting from 15, 20, 25 which would help the visitors to purchase food from the counter. Visitors could get the coupon directly from the place of the concert. The beverage items like water, coffee and drink would be started from 3 to 10. The people need to buy water directly from there. There would be no coupon system for the items of beverages. Furthermore, Sutherland (2010) added that different types of cocktail, mocktail, wine and vodka would be there to draw the attention of the visitors. The people would need to buy these items directly from the respective counter and would require to pay the preferred value of these items. The details of food items would be detailed below: Platillo De Pechugas De Pollo Grilled lamb chops Roast Chiken Merluza con Cerveza Twice Baked Souffls Croquetas de Zapallo o Calabaza Falafel o Taamia Ream Cheese Souffle Blog La Cocina del Gourmet The details of beverage items would be: Rum Chocolate Aztec hot chocolate Eggonh at Zetter Latte Macchiato Cocktail Mocktail Wine Vodka Music version of the Big Reunion Music Festival: The music version has been detailed below: Belearic beat Baltimore club Hard rock Fusion and remix music Belearic beat The particular version of music had been introduced by keeping in mind the music composition of Joss Stone. Tkaczynski and Rundle-Thiele (2013) asserted that the specific types of music had been highly preferred by the younger generation. Therefore, the musicians had been appointed by the electric blend of music. In the particular event, some dance based music compilations termed "the sound of Ibiza," had been included to enhance the range with more aggressive and upbeat forms of dance versions. Baltimore club The particular version of the music is characterised by a heavy use of looped vocal instruments that is similar to the ghetto house but with a Breakbeat drum forms at around 130 BPM (Oakes, 2010). These set of samples are often of famous for the hip hop and contemporary RB songs of the pop culture references. The Baltimore club version had been kept by considering the music genre of Adam and the Ants band. Hard rock Diaz Soria et al. (2014) mentioned that Vocals related with rock and roll music are diversified. Joss Stone has a unique style as opposed to the pop music which can create the sound alike. The vocal of the singer is also where the attitude comes from. The specific singer is highly comfortable with the particular version of the music, in a similar manner, the audiences are highly waiting for the re-intervention version of the hard-rock music. Hence, keeping in mind the comfort zone of Joss Stone the arrangements for Hard Rock is made. Fusion and remix music The fusion and remix had been introduced by acknowledging the present music preferences of the current audience. According to Hall (2008), the audience has executed a massive repose to the remix and the fusion music created by the DJs. Therefore, on the third day, the particular music genre had been kept to amuse the crowd with the DJ music mixes. Planned activities of the Big Reunion Music Festival: The brand is going to organise a reunion programme for the international business delegates who would attend the concert for recollecting the past business experience. According to the opinion of Davies and Crawford (2011), the reunion concept of the business delegates would help the brand for getting further sponsorship for the event. This would be also helpful for increasing the prospect and market value of the brand. Furthermore, the other activity like sharing of music composition from the visitors would enhance the popularity of the show (Duran and Hamarat, 2014). Thus, the planned activities of the Big Reunion Music Festival would be highly successful towards the people of London. Proposed budget of the Big Reunion Music Festival: With the capacity of 12,000 audiences, the power of the organiser would cost between 65,000 to 150,000. The organiser would spend up to 35,000. For the entire vendor cost, the organiser would spend between 2500 to 3000. The organiser would consider both the offline and online marketing activities. Thus, the marketing expenditure would be 1500. Conclusion: The current study focuses on the overall event design of the Big Reunion Music Festival, London. Evaluating the study, an inference can be drawn that the organisers had to make an effective event design and venue plan to match up the standard created by the previous years shows. The selection of the artists and the stage presence had been the important aspects that enhance the USP of the event. The above factors facilitated the organisers to identify the target audience that is interested in participating in the event. Based on which the marketing activities would be conducted. References: Bhattacharjee, S., Gopal, R., Marsden, J.R., Sankaranarayanan, R. and Telang, R. (2009) To theme or not to theme: Can theme strength be the music industrys killer app?, Decision Support Systems, 48(1), pp. 141149. Bradley, L. (2013) Sounds like London: 100 years of black music in the capital. United Kingdom: SerpentS Tail. Corciolani, M. (2014) How do authenticity dramas develop? An analysis of Afterhours fans responses to the bands participation in the Sanremo music festival, Marketing Theory, 14(2), pp. 185206. Andersson, T., Jutbring, H. and Lundberg, E. (2013) When a music festival goes veggie, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(3), pp. 224235. Davies, T. and Crawford, I. (2011) Business accounting and finance. Harlow, England: Pearson/Financial Times Prentice Hall. Diaz Soria, I., Blanco-Romero, A. and Canoves I. Valiente, G. (2014) Emporda music festivals as tourism diversification tools, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(3), pp. 297310. Duran, E. and Hamarat, B. (2014) Festival attendees motivations: The case of international Troia festival, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 5(2), pp. 146163. Gelder, G. and Robinson, P. (2009) A critical comparative study of visitor motivations for attending music festivals: A case study of Glastonbury and V festival, Event Management, 13(3), pp. 181196. Hall, C.M. (2008)Food and wine festivals and events around the world: Development, management and markets. Edited by Michael C. Hall and Liz Sharples. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Kerr, A. and May, D. (2011) An exploratory study looking at the relationship marketing techniques used in the music festival industry, Journal of Retail Leisure Property, 9(5), pp. 451464. Lawton, L.J. (2011) Introduction: Special issue on sustainability in the event management sector, Event Management, 15(4), pp. 313314. Oakes, S. (2010) Profiling the jazz festival audience, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 1(2), pp. 110119. Preston, C.A. and Hoyle, L.H. (2012)Event marketing: How to successfully promote events, festivals, conventions, and expositions (the Wiley event management series). 2nd edn. United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons. Shuler, S.C. (2010) Music for lIfe: Presidential theme and variations, Music Educators Journal, 97(1), pp. 66. Stadler, R., Reid, S. and Fullagar, S. (2013) An ethnographic exploration of knowledge practices within the Queensland music festival, International Journal of Event and Festival Management, 4(2), pp. 90106. Stevens, L. (2009) The logic of concert keys,Journal of Film Music, 1(4), pp. 1215. Wong, C.H. and Wong, P.C. (2011)Film festivals: Culture, people, and power on the global screen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. Sutherland, K. (2010) Food and beverage: Filtration in the food and beverage industries, Filtration Separation, 47(2), pp. 2831. Tkaczynski, A. and Rundle-Thiele, S. (2013) Understanding what really motivates attendance: A music festival segmentation study, Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 30(6), pp. 610623. Vapaavuori, P. (2012) Nordic keyboard festival, Early Music, 40(4), pp. 726727. Wong, C.H. and Wong, P.C. (2011)Film festivals: Culture, people, and power on the global screen. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press

Reverse Discrimination Essays - University And College Admissions

Reverse Discrimination Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free trial. Date Smarter! Reverse Discrimination In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"1 The clause reads as follows: "...No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."2 The court ruled that race could not be a factor in admissions. However, they did not force the admittance of Bakke because the court could not know if he would have been admitted if the special admissions program for minorities did not exist. Bakke disagreed with the court on this issue and he brought it before the California Supreme Court. The California Supreme Court held that it was the University's burden to prove that Bakke would not have been admitted if the special program was not in effect. The school could not meet this requirement, and Bakke was admitted by court orde r. However, the University appealed to the Supreme Court for "certiorari", which was granted, and the order to admit Bakke was suspended pending thCourt's decision.3 The Issues and Arguments for Each Side "Bakke was the most significant civil rights case to reach the United States Supreme Court since Brown v. Board the Education of Topeka, Kansas."4 The special admissions program at Davis tried to further integrate the higher education system because merely removing the barriers, as the Brown case did, did not always work. In short, Bakke was questioning how far the University of California Medical School at Davis could go the try to make up for past racial discrimination and segregation. The arguments for and against the special admissions program are complicated. The arguments for special admissions are as follows: Because of past injustices, compensation should be granted to minorities, and one possible form is as affirmative action, which, in this case, is the role of the special admissions program. In addition, racial diversity in educational institutions was seen as a plus. The diversity would teach students more about different races and religions and prepare t hem for the future when they would most likely have to work along side someone different from themselves. Hopefully, minorities in professional areas would return to their minority community and be seen as a role model for minority youth while benef itting the entire community as well. The final argument for the special admissions program is that advantage should not be associated with race, i.e. because one is of the Caucasian majority he/she should not have more advantages and likewise because one is of a minority he/she should not be disadvantaged. The arguments against the special admissions program were based upon the fact that the Constitution was intended to overlook race and ethnicity in public authority and decisions. The fault in special admissions programs is that they will use skin color as a more important factor than academic and personal merit. Thus, those who deserve advancement may not receive it, due to affirmative action and the associated reverse discrimination. By doing so, the various ethnic groups will be divided and possibly end up competing. Another problem with the special admissions program is that it does not take into account the disadvantaged who are in the majority, not the minority. And finally, it is seen as charity to the minorities by many individuals and civil rights groups. The Opinion of the Supreme Court The decision of the Supreme Court was seen as "something for everyone." In other words, each side, although not completely gaining their ends, furthered their cause. The special admissions program at Davis was deemed unconstitutional becaus e it specified a number of minority slots. However, the court upheld the use of race or

Language Acquisition in Children

Language Acquisition in Children The term language acquisition refers to the development of language in children. By age 6, children have usually mastered most of the basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language. Second language acquisition (also known as second language learning or sequential language acquisition) refers to the process by which a person learns a foreign language- that is, a language other than their mother tongue. Examples and Observations For children, acquiring a language is an effortless achievement that occurs: Without explicit teaching,On the basis of positive evidence (i.e., what they hear),Under varying circumstances, and in a limited amount of time,In identical ways across different languages. ... Children achieve linguistic milestones in parallel fashion, regardless of the specific language they are exposed to. For example, at about 6-8 months, all children start to babble ... that is, to produce repetitive syllables like bababa. At about 10-12 months they speak their first words, and between 20 and 24 months they begin to put words together. It has been shown that children between 2 and 3 years speaking a wide variety of languages use infinitive verbs in main clauses ... or omit sentential subjects ... although the language they are exposed to may not have this option. Across languages young children also over-regularize the past tense or other tenses of irregular verbs. Interestingly, similarities in language acquisition are observed not only across spoken languages, but also between spoken and signed languages. (Marà ­a Teresa Guasti, Language Acquisition: The Growth of Grammar. MIT Press, 2002) Typical Speech Timetable for English-Speaking Child Week 0 - CryingWeek 6 - Cooing (goo-goo)Week 6 - Babbling (ma-ma)Week 8 - Intonation patternsWeek 12: Single wordsWeek 18 - Two-word utterancesYear 2: Word endingsYear 2 ½: NegativesYear 2 ¼: QuestionsYear 5: Complex constructionsYear 10: Mature speech patterns (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997) The Rhythms  of Language At around nine months of age, then, babies start to give their utterances a bit of a beat, reflecting the rhythm of the language theyre learning. The utterances of English babies start to sound like te-tum-te-tum. The utterances of French babies start to sound like rat-a-tat-a-tat. And the utterances of Chinese babies start to sound like sing-song. ... We get the feeling that language is just around the corner.This feeling is reinforced by [an]other feature of language..: intonation. Intonation is the melody or music of language. It refers to the way the voice rises and falls as we speak. (David Crystal, A Little Book of Language. Yale University Press, 2010) Vocabulary Vocabulary and grammar grow hand in hand; as toddlers learn more words, they use them in combination to express more complex ideas. The kinds of objects and relationships that are central to daily life influence the content and complexity of a childs early language. (Barbara M. Newman and Philip R. Newman, Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach, 10th ed. Wadsworth, 2009)Humans mop up words like sponges. By the age of five, most English-speaking children can actively use around 3,000 words, and more are added fast, often quite long and complex ones. This total rises to 20,000 around the age of thirteen, and to 50,000 or more by the age of about twenty. (Jean Aitchison, The Language Web: The Power and Problem of Words. Cambridge University Press, 1997) The Lighter Side of Language Acquisition Child: Want other one spoon, Daddy.Father: You mean, you want the other spoon.Child: Yes, I want other one spoon, please, Daddy.Father: Can you say the other spoon?Child: Other ... one ... spoon.Father: Say other.Child: Other.Father: Spoon.Child: Spoon.Father: Other spoon.Child: Other ... spoon. Now give me other one spoon. (Martin Braine, 1971; quoted by George Yule in The Study of Language, 4th ed. Cambridge University Press, 2010)

Drug and Alcohol Abuse on the Police Force Essay

Drug and Alcohol Abuse on the Police Force - Essay Example d other drugs to some extent, the greatest reason being on-the-job stress – they consume them as a way of helping them deal with the stress that is related to being on their kind of job (occupational stress) (Hensaw, Murphy & Morse, 10). Genovese and Genovese who also support this point indicate that there exists a strong sub-cultural more amongst police officers, which encourages drinking both for stress-reduction as well as social purposes. In Iraqi, where addiction has increased in the course of three decades of economic hardship and war, the year 2010 saw an increase in the numbers of members of the security force who became reliant on drugs or alcohol. This raised concerns regarding a considerable problem of addiction among the armed services of this country as the insurgency continued being a strong force and as American troops prepared to depart towards the end of last year. Military and police officials in Iraqi confess that in some parts of Iraq, as many as 50% of their colleagues use drugs or alcohol while on duty. These include high-ranking officers. There is no way of knowing the correct number of the members of the security force who are dependent on drug and alcohol. However, interviews with scores of health officials, police officers, soldiers, drug dealers, pharmacists and political leaders in the country reveal that drug and alcohol abuse among the military, police and security force has become progressi vely more common and seems to have grown considerably. Although those who confess to using alcohol and drugs while on duty admit that they cause erratic behavior, they state that working at checkpoints for long hours, perpetual fear and observing the horrible deaths of their colleagues make the use of alcohol and drugs less an option than a necessity. Some senior Iraqi army and police officers declared that they were reluctant to take punitive action against drug abusers because they were usually among their most courageous fighters (Williams &